all notes of bca: cf

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Q 1. Explain computer?

· Once upon a time Computer was known to a common man who is very fast in calculation. But now in this modern era computer is a very versatile electronic machine man has even created. Computer is an electronic device it accept raw data supplied by the user. It gives output according to user requirement.

· It can perform both type of operation arithmetical and logical operations and computer is just a programmable machine without correct program according to task commuter is a dumped machine.

· The word computer came from a Greek word that is compute means to calculate.

· Computer was created for fast calculation.. But now computer is everywhere in our daily life like School , college, bank, office, shops etc

Q 2. Computer brain vs human brain ?

· Computer brain

i. Computer can do digital work..

ii. Processing speed is fixed in computer and there is a digital clock .

iii. The computer is not self organized system

iv. It is created by human.

v. Computer can do fast processing.

vi. Computer can never bored or tiered.

vii. Computer is a dumped machine it can’t do anything without instruction.

viii. Computer has strong power of remembering than human ..

ix. Computer can perform MIPS but human cant.

x. Computer is a programmable machine .

· Human brain

i. Human can do analog work .

ii. Processing speed is not fixed in computer and there is no digital clock .

iii. The computer is self organized system

iv. It is created by nature.

v. Human brain can’t do fast processing as compare to computer.

vi. Human can bored or tired after some time.

vii. Human is a not a dumped machine it can do anything without instruction.

viii. Human brain don’t have strong power of remembering than computer ..

ix. Human brain can’t perform MIPS as computer

x. Human is not a programmable machine.

Q 3. Characteristics of a computer?

Computer have basically five characteristics-:

Speed. Accuracy. Diligence. Versatility. Storage capacity

· Speed

Internal speed of processing of computer is MIPS . so if we say that the speed of a computer is 60 MIPS, it means that the computer can execute 60 million instructions per second And because of MIPS computer can work faster than human capability.

· Accuracy

The accuracy of computer is high. Error can accrue, but these are almost always due to human error rather than technological weakness. Computer follow the principle of GIGO(Garbage in Garbage out.)

· Diligence

Imagine doing a same work no of times. You will definitely feel bored or tiered. But a computer neither board nor tiered doing the same task as a no of times as user want.

· Versatility

Computer is capable of doing multiple type of jobs. For example on your pc you can play game, do calculations, play video and many more at a same time.

· Storage capacity

Computer can store large amount of data in memory. The data can store in storage devices like hard disk , pen drive CD ,DVD. Data can be store for a long time in memory.

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HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Q. Generation of computer?

v First generation computer

è Technology

· Working technology -> Vacuum tube 1940-1956

· Storage technology -> Magnetic drum.

· Input Technology -> punch card.

· Output technology -> Printer.

· Program -> Machine / binary language used.

è Advantage

· Faster than human

è Disadvantage

· Need of AC.

· Consume lots of electricity.

· Heavy in weight and large in size take entire room.

· Vacuum tube frequently fused.

· Limited storage capacity.

· Slow speed.

· Not always correct.

è Example—:

· ENIAC— Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. John von Neuman 1945

· EDVAC—Electronic Descrete Variable Automatic Computer. 1946 john Mauchly, j.presper Ecker.

· UNIVAC 1— Universal Automatic Computer 1951.

v Second generation computer

è Technology

· Working technology -> Transistor. 1956-1963

· Storage technology -> Magnetic core. /secondary-magnetic tape or disk.

· Input Technology -> punch card.

· Output technology -> Printer.

· Program -> Cryptic binary machine language assembly language. / High level language used COBOL and FORTRAN.

· Operating system- Batch os or multiprogramming os.

è Advantage

· Developed for atomic technology.

· Increase storage capacity.

· Faster speed.

· Reduce in size.

è Disadvantage

· Very costly.

· Large in size.

· Ac needed.

· Consume lots of electricity.

è Example.

· IBM 1620- International Business Management 21`0ctober 1959.

· The CDC 1604- Control Data Corporation. October 16 1604. 48 bit computer.

· UNIVAC 108- Universal automatic computer. 1969

v Third generation computer

è Technology

· Working technology- Intergraded circuit. 1964-1971.

· Storage technology- primary____________ Magnetic core in secondary.

· Input technology- Keyboard.

· Output technology- Monitor/ printer.

· Operating system- Batch os./ Multi programming os.

· Programming language- Extensive use of high level language. Fortran II to Iv , Pascal.

· Inventor of IC- Jack kilby.

è Advantage

· More reliable, smaller, generate less heat, Faster than before, Less maintenance.

è Disadvantage

· Still need of AC.

· Still big

· Still consume more electricity.

v Fourth generation computer.

è Technology.

· Working technology- IC’s with LSI and VLSI technology.

· Storage technology- primary RAM ROM Register. Secondary magnetic tape, floppy.

· Input technology- keyboard, mouse.

· Output technology – Monitor, printer, projector etc.

· Operating system - Multiprocessor os.

· Programming language –High level language.

· Os for Pcs with GUI and Multimedia.

· Rise of pcs.

· Smaller, affordable, reliable, easier to use, more powerful, easy to use commercial and home basic, easy to upgrade hardware.

è Example

· Apple II

· Cray 1

· Cray 2

v Fifth generation computer.

è Technology.

· Working technology- ULSI technology.

· Processing type- Parallel processing.

· Use Artificial intelligence.

· It works on KIPS(Knowledge Information Processing System)

· Still development on voice reorganization.

· Super conductivity makes artificial intelligence possible.

· Super computer.

· More users friendly.

· Lots of memory.

· High level language used.

· Very fast, reliable, user friendly, available in very large or very small size.

· Example- Super computer, Satellites, Mainframe, Laptop/desktop, smart phone etc.

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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

The internal arrangement of different components of computer system is called computer organization.

Q4. Basic unit of computer Explain-:

Inputting processing storing outputting controlling .

· Inputting

The process of entering data and instruction in the computer through input devices is called inputting. Inputting is done by special type of unit is called input unit.

· Processing

Processing arithmetical and logical operations over the data is called processing. Processing is done by CPU.

· Storing

The process of saving data before and after processing is called storing.

· Outputting

This is the process of providing the results to the outside world in the form of visual display or printed result. Outputting is done by special type of unit is called output unit.

· Controlling

Coordinate and control over above operations is called controlling. For controlling speciall type of unit is used called controlling unit that is located in CPU.

Q2 Block diagram of computer Explain-:

Figure

Input unit

Output unit

ALU

The following units are available in block diagram computer

Input unit output unit process unit storage unit control unit

· Input unit

This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer. This unit makes link between user and hardware. It linked the external environment to the computer world. Data and instructions must be entered through input devices. The input devices translate the human being information into the form that is understandable by computer.

· Output unit

This unit contains devices which help to show the result of processed data . it convert instructions and data in human acceptable format. It supplies the converted result to the outside world. It linked the computer world to the external world.

· Process unit

This unit contain devices which is used to process raw data that is cpu . it is also called the brain of computer Cpu perform all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions.

· Storage unit

This unit contains devices which are used to store data. Storage unit hold two types of memory primary and secondary memory. . Primary memory is Random access memory data will open through primary memory but not save in primary memory. All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory. And secondary memory an store the data for a long period of time .

· Control unit

This unit contain device which is used to control over computer . Control unit is responsible for controlling every task in computer it never process or save it just give order to do to the devices.

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TYPES OF PRINTER

Q. What is hard copy and soft copy-:

A hardcopy output is a printed copy of electronic information from the computer.

A hard copy is also called printout because it exists as a physical object that's why we can touch or feel hardcopy.

A soft copy output is an electronic copy of a document of some type of data such as a file, link, software, picture etc. That viewed in a computer or mobile. Softcopy can be sent email , other storage devices. Which makes them a more efficient and cost effective option than using hard copies for communications we can’t touch or feel soft copy as hard copy

Q. What is impact and non impact printer -:

Impact printer

An impact printer make direct contact with the paper. They use variations of standard typewriter printing mechanism. It usually forms the printed image by pressing and inked ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins. Paper comes in direct contact in this type of printer. It makes loud sound because of hammer or pins.

EXAMPLE Dot matrix printer, Daisy wheel printer ,chain printer, Band printer .

Non impact printer

Non impact printer don’t use a striking device to produce characters on the paper because these printer don’t hammer against the paper. They don’t have the direct connection with the paper head and they don’t touch the paper when creating an image. They use chemical heat or electrostatic, thermal and inkjet technology to print character or symbol on paper. Many of these require special coated or threaten paper. These printers can print columns also. Because of its technology it is quitter than impact printer .

EXAMPLE Laser and inkjet printer.

IMPACT PRINTERS

Q. Line printer Explain in points.

· Line printer is a type of high speed printer.

· Capable to print a entire line of text at once (one line on time).

· These printers are two fast to be measured in words or characters per minute or line per mint.

· A line printer can print 3000 line per minute.

· They can print graphics.

· They are very noisy.

· The print quality is low.

· It is an impact printer.

· Invented in 1950’s.

· The examples are Drum printer and Chain printer.

Q. Serial printer explain in points.

· A printer that print a row of character.

· One character at a time.

· In the sequence in which they appear in the line of text.

· They sequence may be taken from left to right.

· Or it may be alternative direction for alternate lines thus avoiding an unproductive carriage- return movement.

· All serial printers have arrangement in which print head moves parallel to the paper and along the line to be printed.

· This printer may be formed by impacting an inked ribbon against the paper.

· By one of the nonimpact marking technologies such as Inkjet or Thermal printer.

· Example of dot matrix printer ________________

· It can’t print graphics.

Q. Drum / Barrel Printer.

· It is also called barrel printer.

· Type of solid font line printer.

· First marketed in 1955.

· It’s a very old printer.

· How it work –

ü The font of etched or engrave on the outer surface of a cylinder- known as the Drum (or barrel) that extends across the full width of the line to be printed.

· This is the first type of printer that is used to hit-on-the-fly principle used on chain printer and current band printer.

· It is also an impact printer.

· It can print 300 to 2000 lines per minute.

· It can’t print graphics.

· They have low quality of print.

Q. Chain / Train printer.

· It is a type of line printer.

· It was invented in 1980s.

· It is a type of impact printer.

· It can’t print graphics.

· Speed of chain printer is 400 to 2500 characters per minute.

· How it work –

ü A chain printer use a chain of print character wrapped around two pulleys.

ü Like the drum printer, there is one hammer for each print position.

ü Circuitry inside their printer detects when the correct character amperes at the desired print location on the page.

ü They can hammer sticks the page, pressing the paper against a ribbon and the character located at the desired print position.

ü An impression of the character left on the page.

ü The chain keep rotating until all the required print positions on the line have filled.

ü Then the pages moves up to print the next line.

Q. Daisy wheel printer.

· Invented at Diablo data system.

· It’s an impact printer.

· Working technology of 1969 by David S. Lee.

· It can’t print graphics.

· It prints 10 to 75 character per second.

· They are noisy or slow printing.

· Letter quality type.

· It works on the same principle of ball head type writer.

· The daisy wheel is a disk made of plastic or metal on which characters stand out in relief along the outer edge.

· Popular in 1970s to 1980s

· They have low quality of print.

Q. Thermal printers –

· It is also called electro thermal printer.

· It is type of impact printer.

· It can’t print graphics.

· It was invented in 1972.

· This printer used heated pins to burn images on to a heat sensitive paper. These printer are commonly used in calculators and for fax machine.

· Low resolution printer.

NON IMACT PRINTER

Q. Inkjet printer.

· spraying ink onto paper.

· It’s a type of non impact printer.

· A typical inkjet printer can produce copy with a resolution of at least 300 dots per inch ( dpi).

· Some inkjet printers can make full color hard copies at 600 dpi or more.

· In the inkjet printing mechanism, the print head has several tiny nozzles, also called jets. As the paper moves past the print head, the nozzles spray ink onto it, forming the characters and images. An inkjet printer can produce from 100 to several hundred pages, depending on the nature of the hard copy, before the ink cartridges must be replaced. There is usually one black ink cartridge and one so-called color cartridge containing ink in primary pigments (cyan, magenta, and yellow). Some inkjet printers use a single cartridge with cyan, magenta, yellow, and black ink. A few models require separate cartridges for each primary pigment, along with a black ink cartridge.

· The principal advantage of inkjet printers is the fact that most of them are inexpensive. Inkjet printers are often given away at computer superstores

· Along with the purchase of a personal computer or substantial peripheral. Even the cheapest inkjet printers are satisfactory for most of the needs of personal computer users.

· The copy from an inkjet printer needs a little time to dry.

Q. laser printer explain.

· A laser printer is a popular type of personal computer printer that uses a non-impact (keys don't strike the paper), photocopier technology. When a document is sent to the printer, a laser beam "draws" the document on a selenium-coated drum using electrical charges. After the drum is charged, it is rolled in toner, a dry powder type of ink. The toner adheres to the charged image on the drum. The toner is transferred onto a piece of paper and fused to the paper with heat and pressure. After the document is printed, the electrical charge is removed from the drum and the excess toner is collected. Most laser printers print only in monochrome.

· A color laser printer is up to 10 times more expensive than a monochrome laser printer.

· IBM introduced the first laser printer in 1975 for use with its mainframe computers.

· In 1984, Hewlett-Packard revolutionized laser-printing technology with its first LaserJet, a compact, fast, and reliable printer that personal computer users could afford.

· Since then, laser printers have decreased further in price and increased in quality. Hewlett Packard continues to be the leading manufacturer with competitors including Lexmark, Ok data, and Xerox.

· The laser printer is different from an inkjet printer in a number of ways.-- The toner or ink in a laser printer is dry. In an inkjet, it is wet. Over time, an inkjet printer is about ten times more expensive to operate than a laser printer because ink needs replenishing more frequently. The printed paper from an inkjet printer will smear if wet, but a laser-printed document will not. Both types of printer operate quietly and allow fonts to be added by using font cartridges or installing soft fonts. If your printing needs are minimal, an inkjet printer is sufficient. But if your printing volume is high, consider buying a laser printer.

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EXTERNAL STORAGER DEVICES

Q. External storage device-:

It is also called secondary storage device or auxiliary memory. Since the storage capacity of primary memory estimated and primary memory cant store data permanently and also it can very expensive . primary memory is volatile memory so data will be loss when computer id turned off.

To solve this problem external storage device was created. The data storage capacity is huge but the retrieval time is more than the primary memory. These are non volatile in nature and use magneto and optical method to store data. Example hard disk, floppy disk, punch card, magnetic tape, magnetic disk etc.

· Hard disk

Hard disk is a set of 14 inches metal disk. A hard disk is also called the magnetic disk that include one or more platters mounted upon a rotating shaft. Every plotter is his own read write/head. Generally plotter are made up of Aluminum.

A hard disk is a device for mass storage of data. The data stored on a hard disk can be retrieved at a very fast speed being a direct address service..

Hard disk is directly connected to the mother board. It is usually fixed inside the case of a cpu box and cant be transferred without opening the case of cpu box. Hard disk are available in different size and range 320 GB, 500 GB, 1TB etc

· Punch card

Punch card also known as Hollerith cards or IBM cards. Punch cards are paper card containing several punched hole that were punched by hand or machine to represent data. These card allowed companies to store and access information by entering the cards into the computer.

Working technology of a punch card….

Data can be entered into the card by punching holes. On each column to represent one character. .

Once a card has been completed or the return key has been pressed the card technically stores that data because each card can only hold so much data if you wrote a program using punch card.

To load the program or read a punched card . each card inserted into a punch card reader that input data from the card into a computer.

· Magnetic tape

It is a thin ribbon coated with a magnetic material on which information may be store. It is a type of storage media for different kind of data like binary codes sounds etc..

It is considered as analog solution magnetic is used by the many large and small companies mainframe computer that periodically today’s pc.

It was developed on Germany based on magnetic wire recording purpose in 1950s to 1970s .

· Magnetic disk

A magnetic disk is a round flat, thin disk, usually coated with magnetically materials. It is made up of flexible plastic or of hard metal.

The track on the surface are divided into sectors. Generally there are 8 sectors per tracks and each sectors can hold up to 512 bytes .

The inner most sector is small that the other most sectors but the fact is the storage capacity of all sectors are same.

In 1928 developed the first magnetic tape recorder.

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TYPES OF COMPUTER

Q. Types of computer Explain-:

There are basically two types of computer according to their type that is Analog computer and Digital computer

· Analog computer

Analog computer were the first computers being developed and provided the basis of the development of modern digital computer.

Analog computer are used to process the analog data. Analog data is a continues nature and which is not discrete or separate. Such type of data includes temperature, pressure, speed etc. These quantities are continues and having infinite variety of values. It can measure continous changes in some physical quantities e.g. The speedometer of a car measured speed, The change of temperature is measured by a thermometer.

These computer a ideal in situations where data can accepted directly from the measuring instrument without having to convert into number or code.

Analog computers are widely used for certain specialized engineering and scientific applications for calculations and measurement of analog quantities. They are frequently used to control process such as those found in oil refinery where flow of temperature measurement are important. Or in paper making and in chemical industry. Analog computer don’t need of storage device because the measure and compare qualities in a single operation output from analog.

In 1912 Arthur pollen developed an electrically driven mechanical analog computer for fire control system based on the differential analyzer. It was used by the imperial Russian Navy in World war1.

· Digital computer

A digital computer as its name implies, works with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbol. Digital computer are operates on input that is on off signal. Basically an on is represented by a 1 and an off is represented by a 0. So we can say that digital computer proce3ss information which is based on the presence or the absence of electronic change or we perfect to say a binary 1 or 0 . A digital computer can be used to process numeric as well as non numeric data . It can perform asthmatic operation like addition , subtraction, multiplication , division. And also logical operation. Most of the computer are available today are digital computer. The most common example of digital computer are accounting machine or calculator.

The results of digital computer are more accurate than analog computer. Analog computer don’t have storage memory but digital computer have storage memory this is the basic advantage of digital computer that we can save data or share data.

Digital computer can process data. Digital computer can store or retrieve data.

The English inventor Charles Babbage created the first automatic digital computer during the 1842. called Analytical engine a mechanical device designed to combine basic arithmetic operations.

· Hybrid computer

A hybrid is a combination of digital and analog computers. It combines the best features of both types of computers. It has the speed of analog computer and the memory and accuracy of digital computer. Hybrid computers are used mainly in specialized

applications where both kinds of data need to be processed. Therefore, they help the user, to process both continuous and discrete data. For example a petrol pump contains a processor that converts fuel flow measurements into quantity and price values. In hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU), an analog device is used which measures patient's blood pressure and temperature etc, which are then converted and displayed in the form of digits. Hybrid computers for example are used for scientific calculations, in defense and radar systems. The very first hybrid computer HRS 100 was a prominent example in the 1970s.

Q. The basic category of computer Explain-:

There are different types and size of computer who offering different types of work. Computer can as big as occupying a large building and as small as a laptop or a micro controller in mobile and embedded system. So computer are divided into four basic categories.

Super computer, Mainframe computer, Minicomputer, Micro computer.

· Super computer

This is the most powerful computer in term of performance and data processing these are specialized and task specific computer used by large organization. These are used for research and explosion purpose. it is very expensive and large in size because of its size they need air-condition,

Example of super computer

ð EXASCALE super computer

ð The TIANHE 2

ð MIRA- BLUE GENEL Q IBM

· Mainframe computer

Although mainframes are not powerful as super computer but they are quite expensive and many large firms and government organizations. Uses mainframes to run their business operations. It needs air-condition because of its size mainframes can also process and store large amount of data. Bank , educational institutions and insurance companies use mainframe computer. To store data about their costumer, student and insurance policy holds.

Example of mainframe computer

FUJTS’S ICL VME
HITACHI’S Z800

· Mini computer

It is used by small businesses and firms and it is also called midrange computers. These are small machines and can be accommodated on a disk with not as processing and data storing capabilities as super computer and mainframe.

These computer are not designed for single user. Individual departments of a large company or organizations use minicomputer for special purpose. For example a production department can use minicomputer for monitoring certain production process.

Example of minicomputer.

ð K-202

ð TEXAS INSTRUMENT T 1990

ð SDS- 92

· Micro computer

Desktop / laptop computer / Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) , Tablet and Smartphone.

Are the example of micro computer. The micro The microcomputer are widely used fast growing computer .. These computer are the cheapest among other types of computer. It is designed for general use like entertainment, work, education, purpose etc. Well known manufacture of microcomputer are Dell, Apple , Samsung , Sony and Toshiba .

Disadvantage of micro computer

· Minicomputer are more powerful than micro computer .

· Minicomputer provide multiple terminal for multiple user.

· Minicomputer were primarily used for process control and performing finical and administrative task such as word processing and accounting but micro computer can’t.

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COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Basically there are three types of programming language

Low level and high level

There are two categories of low level language

Machine level and assembly level

Q. Machine language points.

· ADVANTAGE

· This is the language that is direct understand by the computer.

· They don’t need any translator.

· It is also known as machine codes.

· Written in binary form eg 0101000111001

· It run very fast than other because no translator needed.

· DISADVANTAGE

· Very difficult to program in machine language.

· Programmer needs to know the hardware to write the program.

· Programmer needs to remember lots of codes.

· It is difficult to debug the program.

Q. ASSEMBLY LEVEL LANGUAGE points.

Ø ADVANTAGE

· Also called second generation programming language or middle level language.

· It needs translator called Assembler.

· The symbolic program of assembly language is easier to understand and save a lot oftime and efforts of the programmer.

· Easier to correct error and modify the program instructions.

Ø DISADVANTAGE

· One of the major disadvantage is that assembly language is machine dependent.

· A program runs one computer might not run on other computer who has different hardware configuration.

Q. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE points.

Ø ADVANTAGE

· High level programs are portable .

· Program development is faster and easier.

· Fewer lines of code.

· Program maintenance is easier.

· Compiler or interpreter translators are used.

· User friendly.

Ø DISADVANTAGE

· Need of translator.

· Some case like java or c# you need interpreter.

· Slower than low level language.

Q. LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE

Ø ADVANTAGE

· You can access machine dependent request 0/1

· Run fast program.

Ø DISADVANTAGE

· Very hard to write or read the program.

· Hard to modify

· Less support.

DIAGRAM

TWO TYPES OF LANGUAGE

Low level language

High level language

Assembly level language

Machine level language

Algebraic formula type processing

Visual programming language

Business data processing

String and list processing

Object oriented programming language

BASIC
FORTAN

C++

JAVA

LIPS
Prolog

COBOL
RPG

VISUAL BASIC

Q. Assembler?

è Advantage

· Assembler is a translator for assembly language.

· One to one correspondence between assembly instruction and machine instruction.

· Code can be written very fast.

· Use straight line programming.

è Disadvantage

· Typical high level task require extensive time and number of codes.

· Processor dependent translator.

· One liner

· It doesn’t cross platform.

Q. Compiler?

è Advantage?

· Fast execution.

· Optimized for the target hardware

· Makes self contained and efficient.

· Created for high level language.

· Fast translator.

· Compiler process the whole code.

· It can work for multiple os.

è Disadvantage?

è Editing and deploying the code is a lot slower that interpreter.

Q. Interpreter?

è Advantage?

· Easy to learn and use.

· Need minimum programming knolage or experience needed.

· Allow complex task in few steps.

· Allow simple creation.

è Disadvantage?

· Usually run quite slower.

· Limited access to low level

· Limited commands to run detailed operations on graphics.

· One liner.

TRANSLATOR DIAGRAM

Compiler

Interpreter

Assembler

gggggggggggg

Translate one line

Assembly language

Translate One line

High level language

Translate whole program

High level language

Q. Centralized processing?

è Advantage

· Centralized processing makes it easier to maintain security and standards in addition to making duplication less.

· Centralizes computing terminals are attached to a central computers.

· That performs all computation and controls all the peripherals.

· Terminals of this system are called dumped system.

· Multiple users can work.

è Disadvantage

· If the main computer system goes down all the dumped terminals are also goes down or non access able.

· Necessary to balance the computer’s work load.

Q. Decentralized processing?

è Advantage

· Stand alone system / localized situation.

· Allocation of resource both hardware and software.

· Popular in modern day business.

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PROCESSING MODES

Q. Uni-processor

· A uni-processor system has a single computer processor means a single cpu (central processing unit).

· This processor is used by a single user.

· Most personal computers are currently (March 1997) are uniprocessors.

· It works sequentially on only one program at a time.

· Uniprocessor are used widely in everywhere.

· The well known os of single processor are windows 7 and linux ubuntu ..

· It haven’t capability to sharing the computer bus , memory and other peripheral device.

Q. Multiprocessor

· Multiprocessor refers to the use of two or more central processing units (CPU) within a single computer system.

· These multiple CPUs are in a close communication sharing the computer bus, memory and other peripheral devices.

· These systems are referred as tightly coupled systems.

· These processor are used in large companies or organization.

Example

· Although Unix is one of the most widely used multiprocessing systems, there are others. For many years, OS/2 has been the choice for high end workstations. OS/2 has been a standard operating system for businesses running complex computer programs from IBM. It is a powerful system, employs a nice graphical interface, and can also run programs written for DOS and Windows. However, OS/2 never really caught on for PCs.

· The utilization of multiple CPUs in a single computer system. This is also called parallel processing.

Q. Batch processing

· In a batch processing system, transactions are accumulated over a period of time and processed as a single unit, or batch. For example, a store may update its sales records every day after the store closes. Or a payroll system may process all the time cards every two weeks to determine Employee earnings and produce paychecks.

· Whatever the time period in a batch system, there is some time delay between the actual event and the processing of the transaction to update the records of the organization

Q. Real time processing

· Data processing that appears to take place, or actually takes place, instantaneously upon data entry or receipt of a command..

· Real-time processing is a kind of data processing that responds instantly to commands or to the entry of data…

· Real time processing is usually found in systems that use computer control.

· This processing method is used when it is essential that the input request is dealt with quickly enough so as to be able to control an output properly. This is called the 'latency'..

· For example, the computer inside the Engine Control Unit in a car has to manage the engine at every moment based on what the driver wants to do.

· Real time processing has to be programmed very carefully to ensure that no input events are missed.

· Note that real time processing does not have to be 'fast'.

· For example, a traffic light system is a real time system but it only needs to process data relatively slowly.

· On the other hand, controlling a car engine has to deal with input events happening every thousandth of a second so a very fast computer is needed to do this but

· both the traffic light and the car engine computers are carrying out 'real-time processing.

· This processing is often divided into two different categories, hard real-time and soft real-time.

· Examples:

· Traffic light , Heart rate monitoring, Aircraft control, Computer games, Controlling robots

Q. Time sharing processing

· Time sharing is the sharing of computing resource among multi users by means of multiprogramming and multi tasking at the same time with cpu of a large scale digital computer .

· Its introduction in the 1960’s by students and professors at Dartmouth college. And emergence as the prominent model of computing in 1970’s .

· Represented a major technological shift in the history of computing. By allowing large no of users to interact concurrently with a single computer . timesharing dramatically lower the cost of providing computing capability made it possible for organizations to use a computer without owning one and promoted the interactive use of computer and the development of new interactive applications .

Q. Email

· Email stands for electronic mail..

· Email is a popular way of communication on the internet by which you can send mail to any part of the world within few seconds and without spending huge amount of money .

· Email is used to send written messages between individuals or groups of individual .

· Often geographically separated by large distance .email message are generally send from and received by mail servers.

· Computers that are dedicated to processing and directing email .

· Once a server has received a message it directs to the specific computer that the mail is addressed to .

· Email has dramatically affected scientific, personal, and business communications .

· We can send picture text links videos etc through email.

· To send email we need a unique email id for us and whom we want to send like

· My email is syedyusuf20122@gmail.com and receive email id is anandraj2014@gmsil.com

· Well known email company are gamil.com yahoo.com rediffmail.com etc.

Q. Teleconferencing

· Teleconferencing means meeting through a Telecommunication medium It is a generic term for linking people between two or more locations by electronics there are at least six type of Teleconferencing audio, graphic, computer, video, business television and distance education.

· The method used differ in the technology but common factors contributes to the share definitions Of Teleconferencing.

· Video Teleconferencing used in business organization for meeting, Students in distance education for learning .

· Teleconferencing make possible through computer over internet , telephone or mobile smart phone

· The process of conducting a conference call or meeting over telephone lines or data communications lines connected to multiple separate locations. Teleconferencing is commonly managed at a central point and each of the users or locations that want to participate in the call must dial into that central point.

Q. Teleconferencing

· The method used differ in the technology but common factors contributes to the share definitions Of Teleconferencing.

· Video Teleconferencing used in business organization for meeting, Students in distance education for learning .

· Teleconferencing make possible through computer over internet , telephone or mobile smart phone

Q. Online processing

· A method of using a terminal remote from a company mainframe or an interface to the Internet like an e-commerce website for taking product orders and dealing with payments. The online processing of orders offers considerable savings and greater overall efficiency for most business sales operations, although system down time can be costly in terms of lost sales.

Q. On line data entry.?

· The process of entering data into a computerized database or spreadsheet. Data entry can be performed by an individual typing at a keyboard or by a machine entering data electronically.

Q. Offline data entry?

· Offline data entry refers to compilation of data as per client instructions. The name offline is attributed to non-use of internet services for data compilation process. Collection of client details and arranging them in a given format, sales data compilation, and data mining from surveys and forms are most common data entry jobs done offline. Nowadays these data entered offline are arranged using software and computers for their easy management

Q.Teletext ?

· Teletext (or broadcast teletext) is a television information retrieval service created in the United Kingdom in the early 1970s by the Philips Lead Designer for VDUs, John Adams. Teletext is a means of sending pages of text and simple geometric shapes from mosaic blocks to a VBI decoder equipped television screen by use of a number of reserved vertical blanking interval lines that together form the dark band dividing pictures horizontally on the television screen

MEMORY

MEMORY Diagram

Primary memory

Cache memory

Secondary memory

Primary memory

RAM

ROM

RAM

DRAM

SRAM

ROM

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable

EPROM Erasable programmable

PROM Programmable

CACHE memory

L1 Cache

L2 Cache

L3 Cache

Data Register

Index register

Accumulator Register

(MAR)Memory address Register

Instruction address Register

(MBR) memory buffer register

(MDR) memory data register

PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

· Programming is the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. This code can be written in a variety of computer programming languages. Some of these languages include Java, C, and Python. Computer code is a collection of typed words that the computer can clearly understand. Just as a human translator might translate from the English language to Spanish, the computer interprets these words as ones and zeros. We as humans use programming languages, instead of writing directly in ones and zeros, so we can easily write and understand the computer code and can organize it. We can think of the different lines of our code as being individual instructions that we give to the computer. The computer follows these instructions explicitly to execute our written code.

Q. Characteristics of a good program explain?

· Program should workable.

· It’s easy to read.

· It’s testable

· Easy to maintain

· Pleasant to look at

· Easy to modify , change edit.

· Simple and efficient

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all notes of bca

Friday, 26 August 2016

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